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Content Scramble System (CSS)
General
Designers	DVD Forum
First published	Around 1996
Certification	DVD Copy Control Association
Cipher detail
Key sizes	40 bits
Security claims	2⁴⁰
State size	2048 bytes (DVD sector size)
Structure	Stream cipher
Best public cryptanalysis
Defeated in 1999 by DeCSS, 40-bit key size is subject to brute-force attack, effective key size is about 16 bits. This can be brute-forced in about a minute by a Pentium II, or a few seconds by a modern CPU.

The Content Scramble System (CSS) is a digital rights management (DRM) and encryption system employed on many commercially produced DVD-Video discs. CSS utilizes a proprietary40-bitstream cipher algorithm. The system was introduced around 1996 and was first compromised in 1999.^[1]

CSS is one of several complementary systems designed to restrict DVD-Video access.

It has been superseded by newer DRM schemes such as Content Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM), or by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Advanced Access Content System (AACS) DRM scheme used by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc, which have 56-bit and 128-bit key sizes, respectively, providing a much higher level of security than the less secure 40-bit key size of CSS.

Preliminary note[edit]

The content scramble system (CSS) is a collection of proprietary protection mechanisms for DVD-Video discs. CSS attempts to restrict access to the content only for licensed applications. According to the DVD Copy Control Association (CCA), which is the consortium that grants licenses, CSS is supposed to protect the intellectual property rights of the content owner.

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The details of CSS are only given to licensees for a fee. The license,^[2] which binds the licensee to a non-disclosure agreement, would not permit the development of open-source software for DVD-Video playback. Instead, there is libdvdcss, a reverse engineered implementation of CSS. Libdvdcss is a source for documentation, along with the publicly available DVD-ROM^[3] and MMC^[4] specifications. There has also been some effort to collect CSS details from various sources.^[5]

A DVD-Video can be produced with or without CSS. The publisher may for instance decide to go without CSS protection to save license and production costs.

Introduction[edit]

The content scramble system deals with three participants: the disc, the drive and the player. The disc holds the purported copyright information and the encrypted feature. The drive provides the means to read the disc. The player decrypts and presents the audio and visual content of the feature. All participants must conform to the CCA's license agreement.

There are three protection methods:

Playback protection is based on encryption: the player requires a secret key to decrypt the feature.
Read protection is based on the drive: access to significant disc data is only granted if the player authenticates successfully.
Regional restriction is based on the disc and the drive: the drive can deny access if the disc does not belong to the drive's region.

The first two protection methods have been broken. Circumvention of regional protection is not possible with every drive—even if the drive grants access to the feature, prediction of title keys may fail.^[5] However, DVD players exist which do not enforce regional restrictions (the user has to disable the protection though), which makes regional restrictions less effective as a component of CSS.^[6]

The disc[edit]

The DVD-ROM's main-data (§16^[3]), which are consecutive logical blocks of 2048 bytes, are structured according to the DVD-Video format. The DVD-Video contains (besides others) an MPEG program stream which consists of so-called Packs. If CSS is applied to the disc then a subset of all Packs is encrypted with a title-key.

A DVD-ROM contains, besides the main-data, additional data areas. CSS stores there:

a flag that indicates whether CSS is applied or not (§6.23.3.2.2^[4]),
the 8-bit region-management-information (region code),
a disc-key-block that holds 409 encrypted variants of the disc-key (§6.23.3.2.3^[4]).

CSS also uses six bytes in the frame header for each logical block of user data (§16.3,^[3]§6.29.3.1.5^[4]):

one byte with copyright management information,
five bytes holding an encrypted title-key.

The drive[edit]

The drive treats a DVD-Video disc as any DVD-ROM disc. The player reads the disc's user-data and processes them according to the DVD-Video format. However, if the drive detects a disc that has been compiled with CSS, it denies access to logical blocks that are marked as copyrighted (§6.15.3^[4]). The player has to execute an authentication handshake first (§4.10.2.2^[4]). The authentication handshake is also used to retrieve the disc-key-block and the title-keys.

The drive may also support Regional Playback Control (RPC) to limit the playback of DVD-Video content to specific regions of the world (§3.3.26^[4]). RPC Phase II drives hold an 8-bit region-code and adhere to all requirements of the CSS license agreement (§6.29.3.1.7^[4]). It appears that RPC Phase II drives reject title-key requests on region mismatch. However, reading of user-data may still work.^[5]

The cipher[edit]

CSS employs a stream cipher and mangles the keystream with the plain-text data to produce the cipher text.^[7] The stream cipher is based on two linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and set up with a 40-bit seed.

Mangling depends on the type of operation. There are three types:

the decryption of a disc- or title-key,
the decryption of a Pack and
the encryption of keys for the authentication handshake.

In order to decrypt a DVD-Video, the player reads the disc-key-block and uses its player-key to decrypt the disc-key. Thereafter, the player reads the title-keys and decrypts them with the disc-key. A different title-key can be assigned for the Video Manager and for each Video Title Set. The title-keys are used to decrypt the encrypted Pack